SCHIZOFRENIE
(4. část - literatura a přílohy)



Použitá literatura:

Mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí, ver. 10
Wolfgang Schmidbauer: Psychologie, Lexikon základních pojmů, Naše vojsko, Praha 1994
Nicky Hayesová: Základy sociální psychologie, Portál, Praha 1998
Oldřich Matoušek: Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť, Slon, Praha 1997
Anna Kucharská: Specifické poruchy učení a chování, Portál, Praha 2000
Ondrej Kondáš a kol.: Psychodiagnostika dospělých, Osveta, Martin 1992
Tom M. Brown, Ian M. Pullen a Allen I. F. Scott: Emergentni psychiatrie
Milan Nakonečný: Základy psychologie, Academia, Praha 1998
Jan Poněšický: Neurózy, psychosomatická onemocnění a psychoterapie, Triton, Praha 1999
Stanislav Kratochvíl: Základy psychoterapie, Portál, Praha 1998
Václav Mikota: O ovlivňování duševních chorob, Psychoanalytické nakladatelství, Praha 1995
Vladimír Savčenko: Svět tvých iluzí, Eugenika, Bratislava 1998
Miloš Lehovský: Pečujeme o nervově nemocné dítě, Avicenum, Praha 1989
Jan Vymětal: Rogersovská psychoterapie, Český spisovatel, Praha 1996
Vademékum, Vyadavateľstvo Osveta, Martin 1992 (článek J. Pogádyho)
Spirit, 28. října 2002

PŘÍLOHY:

Oxygen deprivation at birth linked to schizophrenia
(Nedostatek kyslíku během porodu může vést k schizofrenii. Mnoho studií referuje o tom, že dospívající se schizofrenií měli mnohem častěji porodní
komplikace než osoby neschizofrenické.)

NEW YORK, May 10 (Reuters Health) - Many studies have reported that adults with schizophrenia seem to have had more birth complications than
non-schizophrenics. A recent study homes in on the specific birth-related factors associated with the development of this disorder.

In particular, obstetrical complications that deprive the baby of oxygen--a condition known as hypoxia--appear to be linked to an early onset of
schizophrenia, according to a team of researchers led by Dr. Tyrone D. Cannon of the University of California, Los Angeles.

Cannon and colleagues analyzed prenatal and birth records for 80 randomly selected patients with schizophrenia born in Finland in 1955, along with
records of 61 siblings without the disease and 56 nonrelated adults matched for age, gender, and social class. The investigators looked at a variety of
prenatal and birth-related complications.

The schizophrenic patients were divided into two groups according to when psychotic symptoms first appeared. Early onset was defined as symptoms
appearing before age 22 for women and before age 19 for men.

The researchers found that prenatal infection, fetal growth retardation and social class were not related to the development of schizophrenia, but
obstetrical complications around the time of birth that deprived the baby of oxygen did appear to play a role. These kinds of complications doubled the likelihood of developing early-onset schizophrenia, but were not related to later onset of the disease.

In fact, for each complication that contributed to hypoxia, the risk of early-onset schizophrenia increased, so that patients who had been exposed to
three or more complications were 10 times more likely to develop the disease than those with no complications.

Writing in the May issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, the authors note that the complication most strongly related to early development of
schizophrenia was birth asphyxia, in which the baby is temporarily deprived of oxygen.

"The principal finding of this study is that hypoxia-associated obstetric complications, but not prenatal exposure to infection or fetal growth retardation,
are associated with a higher than normal risk for early-onset schizophrenia," the researchers conclude.

Cannon and colleagues point out that the siblings of schizophrenics did not have any more exposure to obstetric hypoxia than normal, which suggests
that the birth complications were not caused by the same genetic factors that lead to the disease.

The authors also note that hypoxia by itself did not predict schizophrenia, since most subjects who had had the complication did not become
schizophrenic. And since one third of the schizophrenic patients were not exposed to hypoxia at birth, this complication is not the only factor in the
development of the disease, the research team explains.

Cannon's group suggests that among individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop schizophrenia, lack of sufficient oxygen at birth may
result in a reduction of nerve connections in the parts of the brain that produce psychotic symptoms. This idea is supported by the fact that the same
area of the brain that is most affected by obstetric hypoxia (the temporal lobe) is also linked to schizophrenia.
SOURCE: American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157:801-807.